Because a
<term>
speaker
</term>
and
<term>
listener
</term>
can not be assured to have the same beliefs , contexts , perceptions , backgrounds , or goals , at each point in a conversation , difficulties and mistakes arise when a
<term>
listener
</term>
interprets a
<term>
speaker 's utterance
</term>
.
#16633Because a speaker and listener cannot be assured to have the same beliefs, contexts, perceptions, backgrounds, or goals, at each point in a conversation, difficulties and mistakes arise when a listener interprets a speaker 's utterance .
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These mistakes can lead to various kinds of misunderstandings between
<term>
speaker
</term>
and
<term>
listener
</term>
, including
<term>
reference failures
</term>
or failure to understand the
<term>
speaker 's intention
</term>
.
#16659These mistakes can lead to various kinds of misunderstandings between speaker and listener, including reference failures or failure to understand the speaker 's intention .