Concordance

Query We 164 (7,646.0 per million)

via a standard <term> text browser </term> .	We	describe how this information is used in	#313 In this paper we show how two standard outputs from information extraction (IE) systems - named entity annotations and scenario templates - can be used to enhance access to text collections via a standard text browser. We describe how this information is used in a prototype system designed to support information workers' access to a pharmaceutical news archive as part of their industry watch function.
their <term> industry watch </term> function .	We	also report results of a preliminary , <term>	#344 We describe how this information is used in a prototype system designed to support information workers' access to a pharmaceutical news archive as part of their industry watch function. We also report results of a preliminary, qualitative user evaluation of the system, which while broadly positive indicates further work needs to be done on the interface to make users aware of the increased potential of IE-enhanced text browsers.
machine translation ( MT ) systems </term> .	We	believe that these <term> evaluation techniques	#581 The purpose of this research is to test the efficacy of applying automated evaluation techniques, originally devised for the evaluation of human language learners, to the output of machine translation (MT) systems. We believe that these evaluation techniques will provide information about both the human language learning process, the translation process and the development of machine translation systems.
<term> assessors </term> made their decisions .	We	tested this to see if similar criteria	#662 Even more illuminating was the factors on which the assessors made their decisions. We tested this to see if similar criteria could be elicited from duplicating the experiment using machine translation output.
human interaction with data sources </term> .	We	integrate a <term> spoken language understanding	#795 Listen-Communicate-Show (LCS) is a new paradigm for human interaction with data sources. We integrate a spoken language understanding system with intelligent mobile agents that mediate between users and information sources.
</term> and <term> information sources </term> .	We	have built and will demonstrate an application	#814 We integrate a spoken language understanding system with intelligent mobile agents that mediate between users and information sources. We have built and will demonstrate an application of this approach called LCS-Marine.
when a <term> request </term> is complete .	We	have demonstrated this capability in several	#887 Requestors can also instruct the system to notify them when the status of a request changes or when a request is complete. We have demonstrated this capability in several field exercises with the Marines and are currently developing applications of this technology in new domains.
the context of <term> dialog systems </term> .	We	show how research in <term> generation </term>	#995 The issue of system response to users has been extensively studied by the natural language generation community, though rarely in the context of dialog systems. We show how research in generation can be adapted to dialog systems, and how the high cost of hand-crafting knowledge-based generation systems can be overcome by employing machine learning techniques.
several <term> language models ( LMs ) </term> .	We	find that simple <term> interpolation methods	#1044 In this paper, we address the problem of combining several language models (LMs). We find that simple interpolation methods, like log-linear and linear interpolation, improve the performance but fall short of the performance of an oracle.
decisions </term> using the <term> reference </term> .	We	provide experimental results that clearly	#1131 Actually, the oracle acts like a dynamic combiner with hard decisions using the reference. We provide experimental results that clearly show the need for a dynamic language model combination to improve the performance further.
improve the <term> performance </term> further .	We	suggest a method that mimics the behavior	#1152 We provide experimental results that clearly show the need for a dynamic language model combination to improve the performance further. We suggest a method that mimics the behavior of the oracle using a neural network or a decision tree.
</term> with the best <term> confidence </term> .	We	describe a three-tiered approach for <term>	#1195 The method amounts to tagging LMs with confidence measures and picking the best hypothesis corresponding to the LM with the best confidence. We describe a three-tiered approach for evaluation of spoken dialogue systems.
</term> and <term> component performance </term> .	We	describe our use of this approach in numerous	#1223 The three tiers measure user satisfaction, system support of mission success and component performance. We describe our use of this approach in numerous fielded user studies conducted with the U.S. military.
</term> provided by <term> human judges </term> .	We	reconceptualize the task into two distinct	#1365 In this paper, we present SPoT, a sentence planner, and a new methodology for automatically training SPoT on the basis of feedback provided by human judges. We reconceptualize the task into two distinct phases.
learned from <term> training data </term> .	We	show that the trained <term> SPR </term> learns	#1433 The SPR uses ranking rules automatically learned from training data. We show that the trained SPR learns to select a sentence plan whose rating on average is only 5% worse than the top human-ranked sentence plan.
a <term> translation memory system </term> .	We	take a selection of both <term> bag-of-words	#1488 In this paper, we compare the relative effects of segment order, segmentation and segment contiguity on the retrieval performance of a translation memory system. We take a selection of both bag-of-words and segment order-sensitive string comparison methods, and run each over both character- and word-segmented data, in combination with a range of local segment contiguity models (in the form of N-grams).
retrieval accuracy </term> , but much faster .	We	also provide evidence that our findings	#1587 Further,in their optimum configuration, bag-of-words methods are shown to be equivalent to segment order-sensitive methods in terms of retrieval accuracy, but much faster. We also provide evidence that our findings are scalable.
methods to collect <term> paraphrases </term> .	We	present an <term> unsupervised learning algorithm	#1777 While paraphrasing is critical both for interpretation and generation of natural language, current systems use manual or semi-automatic methods to collect paraphrases. We present an unsupervised learning algorithm for identification of paraphrases from a corpus of multiple English translations of the same source text.
even larger improvements are possible .	We	provide a <term> logical definition </term>	#1926 The value of this approach is that as the operational semantics of natural language applications improve, even larger improvements are possible. We provide a logical definition of Minimalist grammars, that are Stabler's formalization of Chomsky's minimalist program.
rule-based approaches </term> . In this paper	We	experimentally evaluate a <term> trainable	#2053 In this paper We experimentally evaluate a trainable sentence planner for a spoken dialogue system by eliciting subjective human judgments.


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